Who proposed the "Hierarchy of Needs"?

Abraham Maslow proposed the "Hierarchy of Needs," which is a psychological theory that categorizes human needs into a five-level pyramid. At the base are the most essential physiological needs, followed by safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally, self-actualization at the top. This hierarchy suggests that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs. The theory is foundational in understanding motivation and is applicable in various fields including education, where it can guide educators in addressing the diverse needs of students.

The other theorists listed have made significant contributions to their respective fields, but their work does not center on the concept of needs in the hierarchical framework that Maslow established. For example, Lev Vygotsky focused on social development and the role of cultural tools in cognitive development, while Howard Gardner is known for his theory of multiple intelligences. Jean Piaget concentrated on developmental stages in children's cognitive growth, rather than a hierarchy of needs.